The application of gait analysis in the identification, differential diagnosis and assessment of Parkinson's disease / 中华神经科杂志

Parkinson′s disease is a neurodegenerative disease with characteristic motor symptoms. Due to its increasing disease burden, it has been received widespread attention worldwide. At present, its diagnosis, differential diagnosis, assessment of symptoms and therapeutic effect mostly rely on the clinical experience of medical staff and the subjective feelings of patients, while lack objective and quantitative evaluation criteria. Gait analysis can quantify gait abnormalities by collecting spatiotemporal parameters in the walking cycle, providing new ideas for early identification, accurate discovery of disease progression, and reasonable selection of therapies of Parkinson′s disease. In the future, with the further improvement and maturity of gait analysis technology, it may become an indispensable and important method in the diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson′s disease.

Neuroimaging in the diagnosis and differentiation of Alzheimer′s disease / 中华神经科杂志

Neuroimaging is of great value in the diagnosis and differentiation of Alzheimer′s disease. Structural imaging, especially structural magnetic resonance, can show the characteristic changes of brain atrophy in patients with Alzheimer′s disease, and effectively identify lesions in the brain. Functional imaging, mainly the molecular imaging of positron emission tomography can achieve intracranial retention of tracer that binds to the β-amyloid, which is of great value for the pathophysiological diagnosis of Alzheimer′s disease. This article introduces the application value of structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, single-photon emission computed tomography and other imaging examinations in the diagnosis and differentiation of Alzheimer′s disease.

Comparative Study of Separation on Phenolic Acids Components by Nanofiltration Process / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effect of polyamide on the separation on phenolic acids components by nanofiltra-tion process. METHODS:Phenolic acids components were selected as targets,extracted from the Salvia miltiorrhiza,Lonicera ja-ponica or intermediate preparations (tea polyphenols) with water,and filtered with membranes with different pore sizes. The con-tent changes of components were analyzed by HPLC. RESULTS:Danshensu,protocatechuic aldehyde and caffeic acid could better transmit nanofiltration membranes with 3 different pore sizes;with the decrease of pore size,the rejection rates of neochlorogenic acid,chlorogenic acid,rosmarinci acid,ECG and EGCG grew in different levels. But salvianolic acid B was almost retained by the membrane with low molecular weight except 600-800 Da. CONCLUSIONS:Molecular weight importantly influenced nanofiltra-tion separation on phenolic acid components;nanofiltration has a good prospect in enrichment of phenolic acids components.

To optimize the concentrate process ofDanshen injection by nanofiltration technique / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective To optimize the concentrate process ofDanshen injection.Methods The concentration changes of Salvianic acid A sodium, Protocatechuic aldehyde and Salvianolic acid B were selected as indexes to compare mospheric concentrate, vacuum concentrate, nanofiltration concentrate and nanofiltration-vacuum coupling concentrate methods with HPLC. Results Phenolic acid composition changed when atmospheric and vacuum concentrate method were used. Retention rate of three phenolic acids were over 93% after nanofiltration concentration, but the concentration efficiency was limited by solution viscosity. Nanofiltration-vacuum coupling concentrate methods could solve the above problems, meanwhile, retention rate of three phenolic acids were over 91%.Conclusions Nanofiltration technology takes advantage in medicine extraction concentrate with heat sensitive ingredients, and its application prospect in traditional Chinese medicine pharmaceutical industry would be broad.

Recent HIV infection among men who have sex with men in Hubei, 2010-2013 / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the HIV infection status among MSM in Hubei province and provide scientific evidence for the development of intervention strategy.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 11 438 samples were collected from MSM in sentinel surveillance during 2010-2013 to detect HIV-1 antibody. BED-CEIA was used to identify the recent HIV infection, and the recent HIV infection rate among the MSM was estimated. The age, group and area specific recent infection rate and condom use rate were analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The annual HIV positive rates among MSM were 3.34% , 3.74% , 2.96% and 3.15% respectively and the annual recent infection rates were 2.31% , 1.91% , 1.53% and 1.71% respectively during 2010-2013. The HIV positive rate in age group ≤ 30 years was lower than that in age group >30 years, but the recent HIV incidence rate was higher in age group ≤ 30 years than in age group >30 years. The detection rate of recent HIV infection varied with sample source, the highest detection rate was among the samples form work group/CDC and public bathroom (3.54% and 3.49%, respectively). The recent HIV i nfection rate in Wuhan was highest (5.73%). The proportion of MSM using condoms in each homosexual behavior during past six months was 38.91% . Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that the factors related to recent HIV infection included sample source (OR = 0.344-0.713), area (OR = 3.581-9.577) and condom usage (OR = 6.686).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The HIV-1 infection rate in MSM was at a high level in Hubei, especially in some areas. The condom use rate was low, it is necessary to strengthen the prevention and control of HIV infection in MSM.</p>

Process of Removing Bacterial Endotoxins by Ultrafiltration from Dextran 40 Injection / 医药导报

Objective To study the process of removing bacterial endotoxins by ultrafiltration technology in dextran 40 injection. Methods Dextran 40 solution was ultrafiltrated by 100,200,and 300 kDa aperture ultrafiltration membranes with composite, PES and PVDF materials. In order to optimize ultrafiltration process,the content of effective component and endotoxins were detected by HPLC and kinetic-turbidimetry,respectively,and the change of particle size distribution in dextran 40 solution was analyzed before and after ultrafiltration. Results The transmittance of dextran 40 was close to the same MWCO and different membrane material. When MWCO reached 300 kDa,the transmittance was above 91%,which met the requirement of filtration. The endotoxin removal rates by 100-300 kDa composite ultrafiltration membranes were more than 99%. But the endotoxin removal rates of both of PES and PVDF membranes were less than 40%,which were unable to guarantee the removal efficiency of the endotoxin in dextran 40 solution. The particle size declined after ultrafiltration by 300 kDa composite membrane, and level of the insoluble particles decreased. Conclusion The 300 kDa composite ultrafiltration membrane can effectively remove endotoxin in dextran 40 solution with less main components loss. The material can meet requirements for producing dextran 40 injection.

The construction, expression and immunological activity study of eukaryotic vector expressing cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 ScFv and hepatitis B virus-S gene / 中华传染病杂志

Objective To construct the eukaryotic vector that expressing hepatitis B virus (HBV) S and the single fragment of variety chain (ScFv) of monoclonal antiboy against cytotoxic Tlymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and to analyze the immunological activity of recombinant S-ScFv protein.Methods The oringially constructed pSect2/ScFv4F10 and pSect2/S were double enzyme digested by Sfi I and Hind Ⅲ,respectively.Then the HBV S gene was cloned into the pSect2/ScFv4F10 vector.The pSect2/ScFv4F10 and pSect2/S-ScFv4F10 were expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells,and the expressed proteins were verified through sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis(SDS-PAGE)andWesternblotting.Afterultrafiltration concentration and affinity chromatography,the biological affinity of the expressed ScFv4F10 and S-ScFv4F10 proteins were examined by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology.The comparison between groups was done by One-way ANOVA.ResultsThe eukaryotic expression vector of pSect2/S-ScFv4F10was successfully constructed,and relative molecular mass of the expressed protein of S-ScFv4 F10 was about 52 000 that analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting.With the fixed concentration of 4F10-mAb against CTLA-4,the A570 value of the mixed reaction with purified CTLA-4 antigen gradually increased with the decrease of ScFc fusion protein proportion; when the molar ratio of ScFv,S-ScFv4F10∶4F10=2∶1,the competitiveinhibitionratesagainst 4F10conjugatedantigenwere72.6％and64.5％,respectively.The affinity constants of association kinetics for CTLA-4 mAb,ScFv4F10 and S-ScFv4F10 with CTLA-4 antigen were 7.29 × 108 mol/L,9.52 × 106 mol/L and 2.04 × 106 mol/L,respectively,and the dissociation constants of KD were 1.40 × 10-9 mol/L,1.05 × 10-7 mol/L and 4.91 × 10-7 mol/L,respectively.ConclusionsThe eukaryotic expression vector of pSect2/S-ScFv4F10is successfully constructed,and the recombinant protein of S-ScFv4 F10 has a fairly high affinity with CTLA-4 antigen.

Clinical analysis of nine cases of paroxysmal exercise-induced dystonia / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

This study was aimed to analyze the clinical features of paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) and extend the understanding of this disease. From August, 2008 to October, 2010, 9 patients were diagnosed with PKD in the Department of Neurology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, China. The data involving clinical demographic characteristics, somatosensory evoked potentials, results of electromyography, video electroencephalography (EEG), brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computerized tomography (CT) were collected. All PKD patients exhibited unilateral or bilateral recurrent episodic dyskinetic attacks triggered by sudden voluntary movements. The duration of the attacks ranged from several seconds to one minute. The attack frequency ranged from approximately once in several months to more than 10 times in a day. Patients suffered from no conscious disorders during the attack, and no neurological signs were found during the period between attacks. No abnormal somatosensory evoked potentials were found. Routine EEG, video EEG monitoring or brain imaging showed normal findings. Classical treatment for anti-epilepsy, including carbamazepine and topiramate, was administered to the patients and proved to be effective. It was concluded that PKD is characteristically triggered by sudden voluntary movement; no abnormal electroneurophysiological findings are observed in PKD, and antiepileptic drugs are effective in treating the disorder.

Clinical analysis of nine cases of paroxysmal exercise-induced dystonia / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

This study was aimed to analyze the clinical features of paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) and extend the understanding of this disease. From August, 2008 to October, 2010, 9 patients were diagnosed with PKD in the Department of Neurology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, China. The data involving clinical demographic characteristics, somatosensory evoked potentials, results of electromyography, video electroencephalography (EEG), brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computerized tomography (CT) were collected. All PKD patients exhibited unilateral or bilateral recurrent episodic dyskinetic attacks triggered by sudden voluntary movements. The duration of the attacks ranged from several seconds to one minute. The attack frequency ranged from approximately once in several months to more than 10 times in a day. Patients suffered from no conscious disorders during the attack, and no neurological signs were found during the period between attacks. No abnormal somatosensory evoked potentials were found. Routine EEG, video EEG monitoring or brain imaging showed normal findings. Classical treatment for anti-epilepsy, including carbamazepine and topiramate, was administered to the patients and proved to be effective. It was concluded that PKD is characteristically triggered by sudden voluntary movement; no abnormal electroneurophysiological findings are observed in PKD, and antiepileptic drugs are effective in treating the disorder.

Analysis of differential expression of serum proteins in concanavalin A induced liver injury mouse model / 中华传染病杂志

Objective To study the differential expression of serum proteins in concanavalin A(ConA) induced liver injury mouse model and analyze the relationship between disease progression and special proteins. Methods Twenty-five male mice were randomly divided into five groups, i.e. blank control group, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) control group, liver injury groups developed 1, 3 and 6 h after ConA injection. The sera from all five groups were removed off the albumin by ProteoExtract~(TM)albumin removal kit. Then two dimensional electrophoresis ( 2DE) and mass spectrometry analysis were utilized to identify differences in protein expressions. Results Two specific proteins were detected in the liver injury group developed 6 h after ConA injection, which were identified as serum amyloid A-2 protein precursor and serum amyloid A-l protein precursor by mass spectrometry. Conclusions Serum amyloid A-2 protein precursor and serum amyloid A-l protein precursor are found at 6 h of ConA injection in ConA induced liver injury mouse model, which may be related to disease progression.

Large mitochondrial DNA deletions in ultraviolet B-induced cutaneous photodamage / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective To analyze the association between mtDNA mutations and photodamagc after ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation. Methods Primary human skin fibroblasts (HSF) and primary human epi- dermal keratinocytes of adult (HEKa) were irradiated by sub-lethal doses of UVB thrice a day for 4-5 days. Thereafter, genomic DNA was extracted from irradiated cells and conventional PCR was applied to detect the frequency rates of 4977 bp and 3895 bp mtDNA deletion. To quantitatively analyze the mutation levels, SYBR Green real-time PCR method was performed. Results In both cell lines, the frequency rates and relative copy number of deletions increased with the cumulative doses of UVB exposure (P<0.05). The prevalence rate of 3895 bp deletion peaked 53.3% and and relative copy number reached (49.63±4.38)×10-5, showing a more intense response to the accumulation of UVB radiation than 4977 bp deletion. In HSF, the minimum cumu- lative dose of UVB radiation was 150 mJ/cm2 for the induction of 3895 bp deletion, and 200 mJ/cm2 for the induction of 4977 bp deletion. It seemed that mtDNA deletion was more readily to be induced by UVB radia- tion in HSF than in HEKa. Conclusions The development and accumulation of mtDNA mutation are intimately related with cumulated UVB dose received by skin cells, and the 3895 bp deletion is more reliable in moni- toring the photodamage caused by UV than 4977 bp deletion. Therefore, the 3895 bp deletion may serve as a biomarker for the detection of photodamagc in skin cells. HSF appear to have an increased susceptibility to UVB radiation, which results in a higher frequency and level of mtDNA mutations compared with HEKa.

The role of neuronal autophagy in hypoxic-ischemic brain injiny / 国际脑血管病杂志

Autophagy is a metabolic pathway that widely presents in eukaryotic cells through the lysosomal mechanism to degrade its components. Autophagy regulates cell death not only by activating classic autophagosomal-lysosomal pathway, but also by influencing the occurrence and development of apoptosis and necrosis. Currently, the effect of autophagy in neuronal injury after acute cerebral ischemia/hypoxia and its specific mechanisms remain unclear. Studies have demonstrated that the autophagy after ischemia/hypoxia has a neuroprotective effect, such as maintaining neuronal homeostasis and reducing neuronal death; but other studies have also suggested that autophagy may aggravate neuronal injury after ischemia/hypoxia by activating multiple pathways, and even induce neuronal death.

The function of circulating CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in patients with chronic hepatitis B / 中华临床感染病杂志

Objective To investigate the induction and function of circulating CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells(CD4+CD25+ Treg cells)in patients with chronic hepatitis B,and their role in the progress of chronic HBV infection.Methods Twenty two patients with chronic hepatitis B(CHB),11 patients with acute hepatitis B(AHB)and 20 healthy blood donators were enrolled in the study.After stimulating with recombinant HBV antigen or anti-CD3 mAb,the fraction of CD4+ CD25+Treg cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMC)from different subjects was analyzed using flow cytometry.CD4+CD25+ Treg cells and effector cells(PBMC-Treg)were sorted out and cultured alone or together in vitro,and the cell proliferation and cytokines production were measured. Serum HBV titers,HBV markers and liver function were also evaluated.Results The fraction of circulating CD4+CD25+ Treg cells induced in PBMC from CHB patients under the stimulation of recombinant HBsAg was much higher than that in AHB patients(F=3.47,P＜0.05)and normal controls(F=4.98,P＜0.05).With HBsAg stimulation,cell proliferation and cytokines production (IFN-γand IL-10)of CD4+ CD25+ Treg cells either from patients or from normal controls was very low when cultured alone,and there was no significant difference between two groups(P＞0.05).Cell proliferation and IFN-γproduction of effector cells from AHB patients were higher than those from CHB patients,however,when effector cells were cultured with CD4+Cd25+Treg cells at a ratio of 5:1,the cell proliferation and IFN-γ production were significantly inhibited (F=4.66,5.24,P＜0.05).Conclusion Circulating nificantly suppress the production and IFN-γ production of effector T Cells,which may be associated with the progress of chronic HBV infection.

Oxidative stress in human skin fibroblasts induced by UVB irradiation / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective To observe the aging,apoptosis,cell cycle arrest and oxidative stress in human skin fibroblast(HSF)induced by UVB,and to detect the expression profiles of p66Shc,a determinant of oxidative stress response and life span,in this process.Methods HSF cells were exposed to UVB at a subcytotoxic dosage twice a day for three days.The cells without exposure served as control.After another 24-hour culture,SA-β-Gal staining was performed to evaluate the senescence state of the cells,flow cytometry to observe cell apoptosis;cell cycle arrest was detected by serum starvation and flow cytometry:ELISA was applied to detect intracellular levels of superoxide dismutase(SOD)and malondialdehvde(MDA),and Western blotting to analyze the expression of p66Shc protein.Results The percentage of cells positive for SA-β-Gal staining increased from 0 to 98.3% after UVB radiation,which strongly suggested an aging state of HSF cells.The percentage of apoptotic cells increased from 0.96% to 37%.and 80.07% of the HSF cells were arrested in G0/G1 phase following the irradiation.Intracellular SOD activity decreased from(52.35±4.97)ng/g to(7.81±0.68)ng/g(P＜0.01).while intracellular MDA was found to increase from(3.52±0.34)ng/g to(33.91±3.20)ng/g(P＜0.05).The p66Shc protein was found to be weakly expressed in HSF in 24 hours following the exposure to UVB,and a stronger expression was noted 48 hours later.Conclusions HSF cells are induced into a state of senescence associated with oxidative stress after UVB irradiation,which may be applied as an in vitro model in aging research.The expression of p66Shc is increased in HSF during this process,and further studies are needed to explore the relation between p66Shc and oxidative stress as well as cellular aging.

Clinical characteristics of 275 pediatric cases of acquired immune deficiency syndrome / 中华传染病杂志

Objective To study the clinical characteristic of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients younger than 15 years old and to explore the influence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on them. Methods The clinical information, including demographic profile, clinical stages of the disease, laboratory test results and developmental status were gathered from 275 antiretroviral therapy naive patients. Results Seventy eight point nine percent patients were infected by vertical transmission. Sixteen percent were infected by receiving blood products. The average age was (7.6±3. 7) years, with 5 cases younger than 1 year old, 104 cases ranging from 1 - 5 years and 166 cases elder than 6 years. Seventy point one percent patients were classified as stage 3 or 4 according to World Health Organization definitions. The average CD4 count was ( 137 ± 159 )/μL, ( 304 ± 317 ) /μL and ( 1 246 ± 776 )/μL respectively in children elder than 6 years, ranging from 1 to 5 years and younger than 1 year. One hundred and eighty one cases suffered from anemia on different severity grading. The most common HIV related symdromes included persistent fever, skin damage, persistent diarrhea, oral candidiasis and recurrent upper respiratory tract infection. Among these infected children, 49. 6% showed height lower than x - 2s and 19. 9% showed weight lower than x - 2s. Conclusions Most survival pediatric AIDS patients are elder than 6 years. HIV infection can significantly affect the children's immune system function,growth and development.

Study on extraction technology of Zhixuan Granula / 中草药

Object To optimize the preparation procedure for Zhixuan Granula (ZXG). Methods The optimum extracting conditions of ZXG were selected by orthogonal test with the active components: 23-acetate alisol B, atractylenolide I, and dried extract as the index, it mice sedation of ZXG was clarified by pharmacodynamics. Results The optimum preparation procedure was as follows: Rhizoma Alismatis and Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae were extracted with alcohol first, adding 12-fold 70% alcohol by refluxing, extracting twice, 2 h once, then extracted with water, adding 14-fold water, extracting twice, 2 h once. The extract showed the obvious effect on sedation of mice. Conclusion The optimum preparation procedure is reliable, with higher extracting ratio of the active components.

Transformation of alisol B 23-acetate in processing of Alisma orientalis / 中草药

Objective To study the transformation mechanism of triterpenes in processing of Alisma orientalis. Methods The triterpene transformations of A. orientalis pre and post-processing were comparatively analyzed by techniques of HPLC and Packed Column Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC). Results In baked processing (70 ℃) of A. orientalis, little alisol B 23-acetate was transformed into alisol A 24-acetate and alisol B.However, more alisol B 23-acetate was transformed into alisol A 24-acetate and alisol B, then both of them were further transformed into alisol A in processing under high temperature (160-200 ℃). Conclusion Transformation of alisol B 23-acetate has two routes when A. orientalis is processed under high temperature: For one, alisol B 23-acetate is rearranged into alisol A 24-acetate which could be deacetylated into alisol A; for the other; it is deacetylated into alisol B first, then transformed into alisol A.

Effect of Panax Notoginseng Saponins in Jiqi Injection on Pharmacokinetics of Silibinin in the Beagle Dogs / 中药新药与临床药理

Objective To study the pharmacokinetic features of silibinin from Jiqi Injection(JI) in Beagle dogs,and to observe the effect of Panax notoginseng saponins,another active component in JI,on pharmacokinetics of silibinin. Methods The Beagle dogs received intravenous injection of JI and silibinin,and then its plasma sample was collected in different time. The plasma samples of Beagle were prepared by hydrolysis with sulfatase-? glucuronidase complex enzyme and liquid-liquid extraction with aether. A high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed to determine the plasma concentration of silibinin,and the pharmacokinetic parameters were performed by BAPP2.3 program. Results The pharmacokinetics of two tested preparations met with two-compartment model. There were not significant differences between pharmacokinetic parameters of JI and that of Silibinin Injection. Conclusion The silibinin in Jiqi Injection has a fast in-vivo clearance rate after intravenous injection,and Panax notoginseng saponins have no effect on its pharmacokinetic parameters.

Study the application of macroporous resin combined with membrane in the refinement of traditional Chinese medicine / 中成药

Objective: To study the application of macroporous resin combined with membrane in the refinement of traditional Chinese medicine. Methods: The extracts of single herbal drug and prescriptions were absorpted with macroporous resin, following by microfiltrated respectively, and then detected the extracts and analysized the quanity of effective components. Results: Through macroporous resin combined with membrane, the quantity of effective components could be improved significantly, and the method was very effective for refinement of traditional Chinese medicine. Conclusion: Application of macroporous resin combined with membrane has great prospect in the refinement of traditional Chinese medicine.

Study on the quality standards for Zhixuan Granule / 中成药

Objective: The quality standards for Zhixuan Granule (Rhizoma Alismatis, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae, etc.) were studied. Methods: The TLC methods for identification of Rhizoma Alismatis、 Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae were established. A simple HPLC was established for the determination of 23-acetate alisol B. The mobile phase was acetonitrile-water(70∶30). UV detecting wavelength was at 208nm. Results: Rhizoma Alismatis and Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephala could be detected. 23-acetate alisol B showed a linear relationship at the concentration range of 99～1388.8ng, r=0.9999. The average recovery was 103.05% and RSD was 2.41%(n=6). Conclusion: This method is suitable for the quality control of Zhixuan Granule.